International economists typically assume that temporary real exchange rate shocks can have only temporary real effects -and no effect at all on the underlying structure of the economy. This paper shows that even in a simple "off-the-shelf" industrial organization model, this assumption is unfounded; if market-entry costs are sunk, exchange rate shocks can alter domestic market structure and thereby have lasting real effects. In other words, a sufficiently large exchange rate shock can cause hysteresis in import prices and quantities. This simple idea has strong implications for exchange rate theory .

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories, which could involve the activities of the government and individual. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history , its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. It is the presupposition of international trade that a sufficient level of geopolitical peace and stability are prevailing in order to allow for the peaceful exchange of trade and commerce to take place between nations.

The study explores the customs clearance process of import cargos in international air cargo terminals, and constructs a network to analyze cargo, information and human flows in the import cargo process. Then, the study formulates a mathematical model of the customs clearance process-delay, and analyzes delay propagation in subsequent cargos. Moreover, the network of the customs clearance process is reconstructed based on the application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).

An air cargo shipping container comprising a rectangular base of molded synthetic resin material which is chemically inert to most substances, the base having a plurality of legs formed in its bottom for supporting the base above the ground. These legs are spaced for entry of the lifting tines of a forklift or the like and each leg is hollow and open at its upper end thus defining a plurality of reservoirs on the inside of the base for confining spilled cargo.

This report outlines the problems caused by freight transport, especially lorries, in the UK, and proposes reforms to reduce its social and environmental costs, while providing an efficient service to customers. It is based on a study of the social and environmental costs of freight transport, that assumes current levels of consumption of material goods and a competitive market partly regulated by the state. It first discusses the trends, causes, and prospects of freight transport, and then analyses the external costs of freight transport